Assignment # 2, Question # 3

What are the skills a Manager have to have?

 

Simply, managerial skills represent a knowledge and ability of the individual on a managerial position to fulfill some specific managerial activities or tasks. This knowledge and ability can be learned and practiced. However, they also can be acquired through practical implementation of required activities and tasks. Therefore, each skill can be developed through learning and practical experience from the individuals.

Robert Katz identifies three types of skills that are essential for a successful management process:

• Technical,
• Conceptual and
• Human or interpersonal managerial skills.

Technical Skills

As the name of these skills tells us, they give the manager’s knowledge and ability to use different techniques to achieve what they want to achieve. Technical skills are not related only for machines, production tools or other equipment, but also they are skills that will be required to increase sales, design different types of products and services, market the products and services.

Conceptual Skills

Conceptual skills present knowledge or ability of a manager for more abstract thinking. That means he can easily see the whole through analysis and diagnosis of different states in order to predict the future of the business or department as a whole.

Human or Interpersonal Managerial Skills

Human or interpersonal managerial skills present a manager’s knowledge and ability to work with people. One of the most important management tasks is to work with people. Without people, there will not be a need for existence of management and managers.

 

These skills will enable managers to become leaders, to motivate employees for better accomplishments, to make more effective use of human potential in the company and so on. Simply, they are the most important skills for managers.

Assignment # 2, Question # 2

State the function of a manager

A manager’s most basic responsibility is to focus people toward performance of work activities to achieve desired outcomes

All managers at all levels of every organization perform these functions, but the amount of time a manager spends on each one depends on both the level of management and the specific organization. Some of these functions include:

Planning

This step involves mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal. Say, for example, that the organization’s goal is to improve company sales. The manager first needs to decide which steps are necessary to accomplish that goal. These steps may include increasing advertising, inventory, and sales staff. These necessary steps are developed into a plan. When the plan is in place, the manager can follow it to accomplish the goal of improving company sales.

Organizing

After a plan is in place, a manager needs to organize her team and materials according to her plan. Assigning work and granting authority are two important elements of organizing.

Staffing

After a manager discerns his area’s needs, he may decide to beef up his staffing by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees. A manager in a large organization often works with the company’s human resources department to accomplish this goal.

Leading

A manager needs to do more than just plan, organize, and staff her team to achieve a goal. She must also lead. Leading involves motivating, communicating, guiding, and encouraging. It requires the manager to coach, assist, and problem solve with employees.

Controlling

After the other elements are in place, a manager’s job is not finished. He needs to continuously check results against goals and take any corrective actions necessary to make sure that his area’s plans remain on track.

 

Assignment # 2, Question # 1

Define the term “Manager”

Definition

A Manager is the person responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals, monitoring their work, and taking corrective action when necessary. For many people, this is their first step into a management career.

Managers may direct workers directly or they may direct several supervisors who direct the workers. The manager must be familiar with the work of all the groups he/she supervises, but does not need to be the best in any or all of the areas.

It is more important for the manager to know how to manage the workers than to know how to do their work well.

A manager may have the power to hire or fire employees or to promote them. In larger companies, a manager may only recommend such action to the next level of management. The manager has the authority to change the work assignments of team members.

Assignment # 1, Question # 2

Write a partnership deed on the basis of establishment of a technical Training Institute.

PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT

of the

[Name]

This AGREEMENT of PARTNERSHIP is made as of [click to select date], by and between the undersigned Partners.

I. Formation

The undersigned hereby form a General Partnership in, and in accordance with the laws of, the State of [State].

II. Name

The name of the Partnership shall be [Partnership Name].

III. Term

The Partnership shall begin on [click to select date] and shall continue until [click to select date] of the same year and thereafter from year to year unless earlier terminated as hereinafter provided.

IV. Purpose

The purpose of the Partnership shall be toinvest the assets of the Partnership in stocks, bonds, and securities for the financial and educational benefit of the Partners, while employing fundamental principles and techniques of sound investment practices.

V. Meetings

Periodic meetings shall be held regularly as determined by the Partnership.

VI. Capital Contributions

The Partners will each make minimum monthly investments of $[amount] at regular monthly meetings. Partners may also make optional additional contributions in any $[amount] increment(s). Regular monthly contributions, normally collected at meetings, are due prior to the scheduled meeting in the case of any planned absence, or by the end of the third day after the meeting from anyone who was unable to attend that monthly meeting due to an emergency or illness. No Partner’s capital account shall exceed twenty percent (20%) of the capital accounts of all Partners.

VII. Valuation of the Partnership

The current value of the assets of the Partnership, less the current value of the debts and liabilities of the Partnership (hereinafter referred to as the “value of the Partnership”) shall be determined at a regularly scheduled date and time (hereinafter referred to as the “valuation date”) preceding the date of each periodic meeting.

VIII. Capital Accounts

There shall be maintained a capital account in the name of each Partner. Any increase or decrease in the value of the Partnership on any valuation date shall be credited or debited, respectively, to each Partner’s capital account on that date. Any other method of valuating each Partner’s capital account may be substituted for this method, provided the substituted method results in exactly the same valuation as previously provided herein. Each Partner’s contribution to, or capital withdrawal from, the Partnership shall be credited or debited, respectively, to that Partner’s capital account.

IX. Management

Except as otherwise determined, all decisions shall be made by the Partners whose capital accounts total a majority of the value of the capital accounts of all the Partners.

X. Sharing of Profits and Losses

Net profits and losses of the Partnership shall inure to, and be borne by, the Partners, in proportion to the value of each of their capital accounts.

XI. Book of Account

The Book of Account shall be a complete set of accounts, consisting of assets, liabilities, individual Partnership accounts, and appropriate revenue and expense accounts. It shall use the double-entry accounting system. Books of Account of the transactions of the Partnership shall be kept and at all times be available and open to inspection and examination by any Partner.

XII. Annual Accounting and Partnership Audit Committee

Each calendar year, a full and complete account of the condition of the Partnership shall be made to the Partners. The Annual Accounting for the preceding year shall take place at the Annual Meeting.

All financial transactions shall be reviewed semi-annually by a Partnership Audit Committee.

XIII. Bank Account

The Partnership may select a bank for the purpose of opening a bank account. Funds in the bank account shall be withdrawn by checks signed by any Partner designated by the Partnership.

XIV. Broker Account

None of the Partners of this Partnership shall be a broker. However, the Partnership may select a broker and enter into such agreements with the broker as required for the purchase or sale of securities, as follows:

• All securities shall be purchased in the name of the Partnership.
• All securities shall be kept in the Partnership safe deposit box or with the broker.
• The Presiding Partner and the Assistant Presiding Partner shall be the custodians of all securities.
• Any corporation or transfer agent called upon to transfer any securities to or from the name of the Partnership shall be entitled to rely on instructions or assignments signed by any Partner without inquiry as to the authority of the person(s) signing such instructions or assignments, and without inquiry as to the validity of any transfer to or from the name of the Partnership.
• At the time of a transfer of securities, the corporation or transfer agent is entitled to assume (1) that the Partnership is still in existence and (2) that this Agreement is in full force and effect and has not been amended unless the corporation or transfer agent has received written notice to the contrary.

XV. No Compensation

No Partner shall be compensated for services rendered to the Partnership, except for reimbursement of expenses.

XVI. Additional Partners

Additional Partners may be admitted at any time, upon the unanimous consent of the Partners, so long as the number of Partners does not exceed [number].

XVII. Transfers to a Trust

A Partner may, after giving written notice to the other Partners, transfer interest in the Partnership to a revocable living trust, of which the Partner is the grantor and sole trustee.

XVIII. Removal of a Partner

Any Partner may be removed by agreement of the Partners whose capital accounts total a majority of the value of all Partners’ capital accounts. Written notice of a meeting where removal of a Partner is to be considered shall include a specific reference to this matter. The removal shall become effective upon payment of the value of the removed Partner’s capital account.

XIX. Termination of Partnership

The Partnership may be terminated by agreement of the Partners whose capital accounts total a majority in value of the capital accounts of all the Partners. Written notice of a meeting where termination of the Partnership is to be considered shall include a specific reference to this matter. Written notice of the decision to terminate the Partnership shall be given to all the Partners. Payment shall then be made of all the liabilities of the Partnership, and a final distribution of the remaining assets, either in cash or in kind, shall be made promptly to the Partners or to their personal representatives in proportion to each Partner’s capital account.

XX. Voluntary Withdrawal (Partial or Full) of a Partner

Any Partner may withdraw a part or all of the value of the Partner’s capital account in the Partnership, and the Partnership shall continue as a taxable entity. The Partner withdrawing a part or all of the value of such capital account shall give notice of such intention in writing to the Secretary. Written notice shall be deemed to be received as of the first meeting of the Partnership at which it is presented. If written notice is received between meetings, it will be treated as received at the first following meeting.

In making payment, the value of the Partnership as set forth in the valuation statement prepared for the first meeting following the meeting at which notice is received from a Partner requesting a partial or full withdrawal will be used to determine the value of the Partner’s account.

The Partnership shall pay the Partner who is withdrawing a portion or all of the value of his capital account in the Partnership in accordance with the Terms of Payment section below in this agreement.

XXI. Death or Incapacity of a Partner

In the event of the death or incapacity of a Partner (or the death or incapacity of the grantor and sole trustee of a revocable living trust), receipt of notice shall be treated as a notice of full withdrawal.

XXII. Terms of Payment

In the case of a partial withdrawal, payment may be made in cash or securities of the Partnership or a mix of each at the option of the Partner making the partial withdrawal. In the case of a full withdrawal, payment may be made in cash or securities or a mix of each at the option of the remaining Partners. In either case, where securities are to be distributed, the remaining Partners select the securities.

Where cash is transferred, the Partnership shall transfer to the Partner (or other appropriate entity) withdrawing a portion or all of his interest in the Partnership, an amount equal to the lesser of (i) ninety-seven percent (97%) of the value of the capital account being withdrawn, or (ii) the value of the capital account being withdrawn, less the actual cost to the Partnership of selling securities to obtain cash to meet the withdrawal. The amount being withdrawn shall be paid within 10 days after the valuation date used in determining the withdrawal amount.

If the Partner withdrawing a portion or all of the value of his capital account in the Partnership desires an immediate payment in cash, the Partnership at its earliest convenience may pay eighty percent (80%) of the estimated value of his capital account and may then settle the balance in accordance with the valuation and payment procedures set forth above.

Where securities are transferred, the Partnership shall select securities to transfer equal to the value of the capital account or a portion of the capital account being withdrawn (i.e., without a reduction for broker commissions). Securities shall be transferred as of the date of the Club’s valuation statement prepared to determine the value of that Partner’s capital account in the Partnership. The Club’s broker shall be advised that ownership of the securities has been transferred to the Partner as of the valuation date used for the withdrawal.

XXIII. Forbidden Acts

No Partner shall:

• Have the right or authority to bind or obligate the Partnership to any extent whatsoever with regard to any matter outside the scope of the Partnership purpose.
• Except as provided in this agreement, without the unanimous consent of all the other Partners, assign, transfer, pledge, mortgage, or sell all or part of his or her interest in the Partnership to any other Partner or other person whomsoever, or enter into any agreement as the result of which any person or persons not a Partner shall become interested in the Partnership.
• Purchase an investment for the Partnership where less than the full purchase price is paid for same.
• Use the Partnership name, credit, or property for other than Partnership purposes.
• Do any act detrimental to the interests of the Partnership or any act that would make it impossible to carry on the business or affairs of the Partnership.

This Agreement of Partnership shall be binding upon the respective heirs, executors, administrators, and personal representatives of the Partners.

The Partners have caused this Agreement of Partnership to be executed on the dates indicated below, effective as of the date indicated above.

Partner (Printed Name)	Partner (Signature)	Date Signed

 

Assignment # 1, Question # 1

What are the component of a partnership agreement?

Partnership agreements are contracts between the partners which controls how the partnership is managed, how profits and losses are distributed, and how partnership interests are acquired or transferred. While each partnership endeavor is different, there are some common essential elements any partnerships agreement should include.

1) Ownership

What percentage of the company does each partner own? Are you going into this business 50/50 or is one partner investing more from the start? You need to define the official ownership split and rights in your agreement.

 2) Authority

How much authority does each partner have to make decisions for your business? Do you want each person to have to sign off on every decision, or do you want to give each other freedom to make smaller decisions?  It is important to define those decisions that are small decisions and a part of everyday operations, and those decisions that are large decisions that require the input of all partners.

 3) Contribution

What is each partner going to contribute to the business? Your agreement should address this in detail, including not only what each partner brings in as startup costs but also any equipment or other materials that each partner brings into the business.  Your agreement should include an inventory of items that each partner brings into the venture, with a description of how ownership will be determined in the event that the partner leaves the business.

 4) Workload

Every partner may not work full time with your company. You need to establish exactly how much work each partner is going to do on a day to day basis. This is where you will decide the type of hours each partner works, things like how many sick days or vacation days they can take, and whether a partner can conduct business on other outside interests.

 5) Compensation

Your agreement needs to define how much each partner will be paid for their efforts. How will you distribute the profits and losses of your company? This will also correlate with other aspects of your agreement, such as the percentages of ownership and the workload of each partner.

 6) Dispute Resolution

You may not believe it will ever happen, but it is a very realistic possibility that you and your partner will have a dispute at some point or another. Your agreement should define how you plan to solve disputes and what action should be taken if you cannot come to an agreement or compromise.

 7) Death

What happens if one of the partners dies? If this is not explicitly defined by your agreement, you could be facing miles of legal red tape with regard to how that partner’s interests in the company are handled during the administration of his or her estate.

 

It should be noted that while these items are important elements, this list isn’t all-encompassing, and due to the technical nature of many of the items listed, it’s wise to consult a business law specialist when drafting your partnership agreement. Because these agreements are designed to protect you and your stake in the business, it’s vital they contain the necessary details.

 

Introduction to Calculus

What is Calculus?

Calculus is the study of change, with the basic focus being on

• Rate of change
• Accumulation

In both of these branches (Differential and Integral), the concepts learned in algebra and geometry are extended using the idea of limits. Limits allow us to study what happens when points on a graph get closer and closer together until their distance is infinitesimally small (almost zero). Once the idea of limits is applied to our Calculus problem, the techniques used in algebra and geometry can be implemented.

Differential Calculus: Algebra vs Calculus

In Algebra, we are interested in finding the slope of a line. The slope of the line is the same everywhere. The slope is constant and is found using Δy/Δx or rise/run

In Calculus, we are interested in find the slope of a curve The slope varies along the curve, so the slope at the red point is different from the slope at the blue point. We need Calculus to find the slope of the curve at these specific points

How does calculus help with curves???

To solve the question on the Calculus side for the red point, we will use the same formula that we used in Algebra–the slope formula

Δy/Δx

However, we are going to make the blue and red points extremely close to each other. The key is, when the blue point is infinitesimally close to the red point, the curve becomes a straight line and will then give us an accurate slope.

This applet shows what happens to a curve when you ‘zoom in’ and look at points that are really close together. As you can see, the more you ‘zoom in’ (Or the closer that the two points become), the more the curve approaches a straight line. Click here to see an applet of this concept as it relates to derivatives and slope .

Differential Calculus in the Real World

This same idea can be applied to real world situations. Consider the distance versus time graph of a slowly moving car shown below.

Average Velocity during the first 3 seconds?	Instantaneous Velocity at 6 seconds ?
Calculus is not needed. velocity=Δdistance/Δtime=3−0/3−0=1ms	Calculus is needed.We will need to use the method described above and try to bring two points infinitesimally close to each other.

 

Integral Calculus: Algebra vs Calculus

Find the purple region Does not require Calculus. It is simply the area of arectangle (base)(height). Area = 2 × 3 = 6

Find the blue region To find the area of blue region, we need Calculus. What can we do?

How does calculus help find the area under curves???

Calculus lets us break up the curved blue graph into shapes whose area we can calculate–rectangles or trapezoids. We find the area of each individual rectangle and add them all up. The key is : the more rectangles we use, the more accurate our answer becomes. When the width of each rectangle is infinitesimally small , then our answer is precise. See the example below:

10 rectangles

50 rectangles

 

Integral Calculus in the Real World

This same idea can be applied to real world situations. Consider the velocity vs time graph of a person riding a bike.

Note: this is not the same graph that we looked at above. The first one that we looked at was distance vs time

Find the distance traveled during the first 3 seconds?	Find the distance traveled during the first 9 seconds?
Calculus is not needed.Distance = (velocity)(time) This is found, by looking at area under the velocity curve bounded by the x-axis. So we just have to find the area of the triangle from x=0 to x=3.	Calculus is needed.We will need to use themethod described above and find the area of infinitesimally small rectangles/trapezoids.

 

History and Development of Computers

“Who invented the computer?” is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.

Development of Computers

The computers we see today, were not always the same. By computers, I mean anything that is able or helpful in computing. Early computers were mechanical calculators, punching machines etc. Then came ENIAC etc. that digitally computed but were too big. The usage of personal computers started as a hobby among a certain set of people and went on to become something that people cannot live without.

THE ABACUS

Abacus is known to be the first mechanical calculating device. Which was used to be performed addition and subtraction easily and speedily? This device was a first develop Ed by the Egyptians in the 10th centaury B.C, but it was given it final shape in the 12th centaury A.D. by the Chinese educationists. Abacus is made up of wooden frame in which rod where fitted across with rounds beads sliding on the rod. It id dividing into two parts called ‘Heaven’ and ‘Earth’. Heaven was the upper part and Earth was the lower one. Thus any no. can be represented by placing the beads at proper place.

NAPIER’S BONES

Napier As the necessity demanded, scientist started inventing better calculating device. In thus process John Napier’s of Scotland invented a calculating device, in the year 1617 called the Napier Bones. In the device, Napier’s used the bone rods of the counting purpose where some no. is printed on these rods. These rods that one can do addition, subtraction, multiplication and division easily.

PASCAL’S CALCULATOR

Pascal’s calculator In the year 1642, Blaise Pascal a French scientist invented an adding machine called Pascal’s calculator, which represents the position of digit with the help of gears in it.

LEIBNZ CALCULATOR

Leibnz Calculator In the year 1671, a German mathematics, Gottfried Leibniz modified the Pascal calculator and he developed a machine which could perform various calculation based on multiplication and division as well.

ANALYTICAL ENGINE

Analytical Engine In the year 1833, a scientist form England knows to be Charles Babbage invented such a machine. Which could keep our data safely? This device was called Analytical engine and it deemed the first mechanical computer. It included such feature which is used in today’s computer language. For this great invention of the computer, Sir Charles Babbage is also known as the father of the computer.

Computers Generations

The history of computer development is often in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and efficient computing devices.

First Generation of Computers (1942-55): Vacuum Tubes

The computers manufactured between 1942 -55 are called first Generation Computers. They were extremely large in size with vacuum tubes in their circuitry which generated considerable heat. Hence, special air conditioning arrangements were required to dissipate this heat.

They were extremely slow and their storage capacity was also very less compared to today’s computers. In these computers punched cards were used to enter data in to the computer. These were cards with rectangular holes punched in them using some punching devices. UNIVACI was the first commercially available computer, built in 1951 by Remington Rand Company. It had storage capacity of about 2000 words. These were used mostly for payroll, billing and some mathematical computing.

Second Generation Computers (1956-1965): Transistors

The computers, in which vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors made from semiconductors, were called second generation computers. The use of transistors reduced the heat generated during the operation. It also decreased the size and increased storage capacity. It required less power to operate and were much faster than first generation computers. Magnetic media was being used as an auxiliary storage of data. These computers used high level languages for writing computer programs. FORTRAN and COBOL were the languages used.

Third Generation Computers (1966-1976): Integrated Circuits

The third generation computers started in 1966 with incorporation of integrated circuits (IC) in the circuitry. IC is a monolithic circuit comprising a circuitry equivalent to tens of transistors on a single chip of semiconductor having a small area a number of pins for external circuit connections. IBM 360 series computers in this generation had provision for facilitating time sharing and multiprograms also.

These were small size and cost effective computers compared to Second generation computers. Storage capacity and speed of these computers was increased many folds as include user friendly package programs, word processing and remote terminals. Remote terminals could use central computer facilities and get the result, instantaneously.

Fourth Generation Computers (1975-Present): Microprocessors

Fourth Generation Computers were introduced after 1975 and in these computers electronic components were further miniaturized through Large Scale Integration (LSI) techniques Microprocessor which are programmable Ics fabricated using LSI technique are used in these computers. Micro computers were developed by combing microprocessor with other LSI Chips, with compact size, increased speed and increased storage capacity. In recent days, Ics fabricated using VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) techniques are used in Computers. Through this techniques, the storage capacity is increased many folds. Not only that, the speed of these computers is also very high as compared to earlier computers.

During 1980s, some computers called as super computers were introduced in the market. These computers perform operation with exceptionally high speed (approx 100 million operations per sec). This speed is attained by employing number of microprocessors consequently there cost is also very high. These are normally used in very complex application like artificial intelligence etc.

Fifth Generation Computers (Present & Beyond): Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

Introduction to Computer Science

What is Computer Science?

Computer Science is the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical processes (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information, whether such information is encoded in bits and bytes in a computer memory or transcribed in genes and protein structures in a human cell. The fundamental question underlying all of computing is: what computational processes can be efficiently automated and implemented?

To tackle this seemingly simple question, computer scientists work in many complementary areas. They study the very nature of computing to determine which problems are (or are not) computable. They compare various algorithms to determine if they provide a correct and efficient solution to a concrete problem. They design programming languages to enable the specification and expression of such algorithms. They design, evaluate, and build computer systems that can efficiently execute such specifications. And, they apply such algorithms to important application domains.

What Computer Science Is Not…

Computer Science is not just about building computers or writing computer programs! Computer Science is no more about building computers and developing software than astronomy is about building telescopes, biology is about building microscopes, and music is about building musical instruments! Computer science is not about the tools we use to carry out computation. It is about how we use such tools, and what we find out when we do. The solution of many computer science problems may not even require the use of computers—just pencil and paper. As a matter of fact, problems in computer science have been tackled decades before computers were even built. That said, the design and implementation of computing system hardware and software is replete with formidable challenges and fundamental problems that keep computer scientists busy. Computer Science is about building computers and writing computer programs, and much much more!

Why Computer Science?

In 1943, Thomas J. Watson, Chairman of IBM declared: “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” A few billion computers later, there is a temptation to fall into Watson’s embarrassing underestimation of the potential that computing may have on our society. Indeed, in a few decades, “one computer per capita” may sound as outrageous as a “world market of five computers” sounds today. Computer scientists envision a world in which computing is pervasive and seamless. The golden age of computing (and of computer scientists) has barely begun. Students choose to major in computer science for a variety of reasons. Many of our students graduate to rewarding computer-related careers in software engineering, system administration and management, research and development in industrial and governmental laboratories. And, since computer technology has transformed almost all disciplines, many of our graduates use their computer science major (and the analytical skills it instills) to prepare them for a career in other disciplines such as medicine, law, education, physical and life sciences, social sciences, and humanities. Demand for graduates well-versed in computer science is high and is expected to continue to grow as the information age comes of age!

How Does Computer Science Relate To Scientific Computing?

Computers and software artifacts have become indispensable tools for the pursuit of pretty much every scientific discipline. The use of computers has enabled biologists to comprehend genetics, has enabled astrophysicists to get within femtoseconds of the big bang’s initial conditions, and has enabled geologists to predict earthquakes. It is not surprising, then, for scientists in these disciplines to increasingly rely on a computational methodology (in addition to traditional mathematical or empirical methodologies) to make advances in their respective fields of study. Such scientists are often referred to as computational scientists. So, a computational chemist is a scientist who uses computers to make contribution to chemistry, just as a mathematical physicist uses mathematics to model atomic dynamics, or an empirical biologist uses a microscope to observe cellular behaviors. And, just like all of these scientific disciplines, advances in computer science itself often rely on the use of computers and computational processes. In that sense, among all scientific disciplines, Computer Science is unique. It is the only discipline which fuels its own advancement. Indeed it is a recursive discipline!

How Does Computer Science Relate To Computer Engineering?

The realization of a computing system, subject to various physical and technological constraints, is a challenging undertaking that requires a great deal of knowledge about the functionality and characteristics of the building blocks available at our disposal using today’s technologies (e.g., semiconductor technologies, optical communication technologies, wireless signaling technologies, etc.) Computer engineering concerns itself with current practices in assembling hardware and software components to erect computing engines with the best cost-performance characteristics. In contrast, computer scientists worry about the feasibility and efficiency of solutions to problems in a manner that is less dependent on current technologies. As such, computer scientists work on abstractions that hide details of underlying implementations to enable the construction and comprehension of yet more complex systems. The creative process of developing, implementing, and evaluating computing abstractions is what pushes the frontiers of what computers and computations can do. For example, the pervasive use of the Web in our society is a direct result of our ability to free Internet application developers from the lower-level implementation details of moving bits and bytes over wires from one point to another. Similarly, the tremendous advances in the use of computer animation are a direct result of our ability to free programmers from having to worry about lower-level digital signal processing techniques.

What Does It Take To Be A Successful Computer Scientist?

Computer Science is about problem solving. Thus, the qualities of a good computer scientist include a passion for finding elegant solutions, an ability to use mathematical analysis and logical rigor to evaluate such solutions, creativity in modeling complex problems through the use of abstractions, attention to details and hidden assumptions, an ability to recognize variants of the same problem in different settings, and being able to retarget known efficient solutions to problems in new settings. If you like to solve puzzles, then computer science is for you!